{"id":476,"date":"2009-04-04T14:45:17","date_gmt":"2009-04-04T12:45:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/egophobia.dap.ro\/?p=476"},"modified":"2009-04-04T14:45:17","modified_gmt":"2009-04-04T12:45:17","slug":"lasitatea-ludica-in-literatura-trei-exemplificari-paremiologice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.egophobia.ro\/?p=476","title":{"rendered":"La\u015fitatea ludic\u0103 \u00een literatur\u0103: trei exemplific\u0103ri paremiologice"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dar, chiar \u00eenainte s\u0103 m\u0103 \u00eentreb ce poate fi \u015fi, mai ales, ce este la\u015fitatea \u015fi, din interiorul \u00eentreb\u0103rii mele s\u0103 v\u0103 adresez \u015fi vou\u0103 aceea\u015fi \u00eentrebare \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu aceast\u0103<\/em> la\u015fitate \u00eent\u00e2i paremiologic\u0103 \u015fi apoi literar\u0103, a\u015f vrea s\u0103 \u015ftiu, dac\u0103 s-ar putea, ce leg\u0103tur\u0103 exist\u0103 \u00eentre Platon, William Shakespeare \u015fi Ion Creang\u0103? Dar scrierile lor Gorgias<\/em>, Henric al IV-lea, Partea I<\/em> \u015fi Harap Alb<\/em> ce anume le poate lega \u00eentre ele? \u015ei r\u0103sp\u00e2ntia dintre secolele V \u015fi IV \u00ee. Ch., c\u00e2nd a tr\u0103it filosoful grec, \u015fi confluen\u0163a dintre veacurile XVI \u015fi XVII, c\u00e2nd a tr\u0103it dramaturgul englez, \u015fi secolul al XIX-lea, c\u00e2nd a tr\u0103it povestitorul rom\u00e2n ce pot avea, totu\u015fi, \u00een comun?<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 ar trebui s\u0103 r\u0103spund la aceste trei \u00eentreb\u0103ri \u00een limitele obi\u015fnuite ale comparatismului literar, unde se stabilesc genealogiile tematice cele mai generale cu putin\u0163\u0103, n-a\u015f g\u0103si nimic \u00een comun \u00eentre cei trei scriitori, \u00eentre cele trei texte din opera lor \u015fi \u00eentre cele trei epoci istorice (\u015fi literare) \u00een care ei au tr\u0103it \u015fi au scris.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u015ei, totu\u015fi, altceva dec\u00e2t actul \u00een sine de a scrie, ceva diferit de scrisul \u00een sine, dar care e subordonat acestuia, une\u015fte \u00eentr-un punct comun toate aceste repere istorice, literare \u015fi textuale. Elementul unificator la care m\u0103 refer este paremiologia.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 ce am citit, pe r\u00e2nd, Gorgias<\/em> al lui Platon, Henric al IV-lea, Partea I<\/em> al lui Shakespeare, la recomandarea primei note de subsol din Gorgias<\/em>, \u015fi Harap Alb<\/em> al lui Creang\u0103, sub semnul sim\u0163ului comparatist trezit \u00een mine de Henric al IV-lea, Partea I<\/em>, mi-am dat seama c\u0103 ce une\u015fte toate aceste trei texte, totu\u015fi at\u00e2t de diferite \u00eentre ele, este una dintre cele mai bogate \u00een exemplific\u0103ri, orale sau scrise, tr\u0103s\u0103turi umane, la\u015fitatea<\/em>, \u00een forma, probabil cea mai de baz\u0103 pe care o poate lua \u00een mentalul colectiv, de proverb.<\/span><\/p>\n

A\u015fadar, ce este la\u015fitatea? Poate fi ea un sentiment juc\u0103u\u015f? \u00cen via\u0163a de zi cu zi, probabil c\u0103 nu. La\u015fii, \u00een cele mai multe cazuri, nu au sim\u0163ul umorului. Dac\u0103 l-ar avea, \u015fi-ar putea, cel pu\u0163in la nivel discursiv, destructura \u015fi, \u00een ultim\u0103 instan\u0163\u0103, anihila impulsurile la\u015fe ce-i domin\u0103 \u015fi, astfel, ar \u00eenceta s\u0103 mai fie persoane la\u015fe. Umorul le-ar da curajul, dac\u0103 nu s\u0103 \u00eentreprind\u0103 lucruri de-o vitejie neverosimil\u0103, cel pu\u0163in s\u0103 nu mai fie (at\u00e2t) de la\u015fi. <\/span><\/p>\n

Deci cam a\u015fa se v\u0103d lucrurile de la nivelul demotic al vie\u0163ii. \u00cen ceea ce prive\u015fte planurile ei superiore, eroice \u015fi chiar divine, se pare c\u0103 la\u015fitatea poate s\u0103 fie \u015fi un sentiment ludic, mai ales dac\u0103 ludicul ei ne apare nou\u0103 ca o transfigurare literar\u0103 a ceea ce este posibil ca eroii \u015fi zeii no\u015ftri s\u0103 fi sim\u0163it la timpul lor.<\/span><\/p>\n

De exemplu, un erou subversiv<\/em> ca Socrate, \u015fi unul h\u00e2tru<\/em> ca Falstaff, \u015fi unul \u015fugub\u0103\u0163<\/em> ca tat\u0103l lui Harap Alb sunt extrem de capabili de aceast\u0103 transformare: \u00een gura lor, chiar \u015fi la\u015fitatea auctorial\u0103 (refuzul parc\u0103 tem\u0103tor al lui Socrate de a-\u015fi \u00eencredin\u0163a \u00een\u0163elepciunea scrisului<\/em>), sau forma cea mai cinic\u0103 a la\u015fit\u0103\u0163ii (descrierea absolut dezumanizant\u0103 pe care Sir John o face propriilor s\u0103i oameni determin\u0103, \u00een fond, totala lor lips\u0103 de \u201eprofesionalism\u201d militar), dar \u015fi la\u015fitatea pur \u015fi simplu \u201ebrut\u0103\u201d (frica \u00een abandonul cel mai umilitor al primilor doi feciori ai craiului) pot deveni, prin c\u00e2teva \u00eentoarceri iscusite de fraz\u0103, perfect juc\u0103u\u015fe. \u00cen m\u00e2inile acestor veritabili p\u0103pu\u015fari, oameni aparent \u00een\u0163elep\u0163i, ca interlocutorii lui Socrate, sau aparent profesioni\u015fti \u00een meseria lor, ca ceata de solda\u0163i amatori ai lui Falstaff, sau aparent curajo\u015fi, cum sunt primii fii ai craiului, se metamorfozeaz\u0103 \u00een veritabili homines ludentes<\/em>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Dar, aten\u0163ie, totul nu este dec\u00e2t o iluzie: ei nu sunt homines ludentes<\/em> din simplul motiv c\u0103 nu s-au n\u0103scut a\u015fa sau nimeni nu-i crede s\u0103 fie a\u015fa, \u00eens\u0103 subtilii m\u00e2nuitori de marionete \u00eei prezint\u0103 ca homines ludentes<\/em> \u00eencerc\u00e2nd, prin acest subterfugiu abil, s\u0103-\u015fi ascund\u0103 propriile firi juc\u0103u\u015fe de ochii no\u015ftri \u00eencerca\u0163i. \u00cen fa\u0163a lumii, ei par a fi indivizi \u00eenfrico\u015f\u0103tor de responsabili prin pozi\u0163iile lor sociale ce presupun seriozitate maxim\u0103, dar, \u00een spatele ei \u015fi \u00eenaintea imediat\u0103 a privirii noastre, desprinse cu toate trucurile literaturii, ei nu mai par responsabili, de\u015fi chiar sunt \u00een felul lor, pentru c\u0103 au capacitatea rar\u0103 de-a se juca at\u00e2t cu cei din jurul lor nemijlocit, c\u00e2t \u015fi cu ei \u00een\u015fi\u015fi. Socrate se joac\u0103 cu \u00eens\u0103\u015fi la\u015fitatea partenerilor s\u0103i de filosofie dialogal\u0103 \u015fi le perverte\u015fte toate sim\u0163urile anul\u00e2ndu-le, de fapt, \u015fi ultima pic\u0103tur\u0103 de falsibilitate. Falstaff se joac\u0103 cu toate sim\u0163urile prin\u0163ului Henric \u015fi-l face \u00een acest fel s\u0103 vad\u0103 ce \u00eei sugereaz\u0103 s\u0103 vad\u0103, \u015fi nu ce ar trebui s\u0103 vad\u0103 cu proprii lui ochi, iar b\u0103iatul regelui, sub influen\u0163a curteanului, intr\u0103 \u00een jocul la\u015fit\u0103\u0163ii personale \u015fi spune c\u0103 vede \u201ecarne de tun\u201d (food for powder<\/em>) \u00een loc s\u0103 spun\u0103 \u015fi chiar s\u0103 vad\u0103 ni\u015fte oameni \u201emai s\u0103raci \u015fi mai sfriji\u0163i dec\u00e2t se cuvine\u201d (they are exceeding poor and bare<\/em>). Craiul se joac\u0103 cu feciorii s\u0103i, iar care dintre ei nu are sim\u0163ul umorului redevine la\u015ful ce probabil c\u0103 a fost dintotdeauna.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e2nd Socrate \u00eel aude pe interlocutorul s\u0103u de circumstan\u0163\u0103 spun\u00e2ndu-i, pe un ton at\u00e2t de final \u015fi exact de aceea at\u00e2t de nepotrivit cu \u00eens\u0103\u015fi natura exerci\u0163iului s\u0103u dialectic, care sunt condi\u0163iile pe care cineva trebuie s\u0103 le respecte \u00een anumite \u00eemprejur\u0103ri, subversivul filosof \u00eel \u00eentreab\u0103, contracar\u00e2ndu-i, u\u015for ironic, finalitatea formul\u0103rii, dac\u0103, atunci, nu e posibil s\u0103 fi ajuns abia dup\u0103 ce condi\u0163iile respective par s\u0103 se fi schimbat sau chiar dup\u0103 ce ele nu mai sunt deloc valabile, \u201ela spartul t\u00e2rgului\u201d (\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f79<\/span>\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd \u1f11<\/span>\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u1fc6<\/span>\u03c2<\/em>), lucru f\u0103r\u0103, \u00eendoial\u0103, de neindicat pentru respectarea exact\u0103 a mesajului din aceast\u0103 r\u0103m\u0103\u015fi\u0163\u0103 paremiologic\u0103:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb<\/span>\u1f77<\/span>\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n

\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb<\/span>\u1f73<\/span>\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5<\/span> \u03ba\u03b1<\/span>\u1f76<\/span> \u03bc<\/span>\u1f71<\/span>\u03c7\u03b7\u03c2<\/span> \u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u1f76<\/span> \u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6<\/span>\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f66<\/span> \u03a3\u1f7d<\/span>\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bf\u1f55<\/span>\u03c4\u03c9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03c7<\/span>\u1f71<\/span>\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u03a3\u03c9\u03ba\u03c1\u1f71<\/span>\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1f00<\/span>\u03bb\u03bb’ \u1f26<\/span>, \u03c4\u1f78<\/span> \u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u1f79<\/span>\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f79<\/span>\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd \u1f11<\/span>\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u1fc6<\/span>\u03c2<\/span> \u1f25<\/span>\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76<\/span> \u1f51<\/span>\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6<\/span>\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n

(Gorgias<\/em>, 447a)<\/span><\/p>\n

Callicles: Numai la r\u0103zboi \u015fi lupt\u0103 se zice c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 vin\u0103 omul \u00een felul acesta, Socrate.<\/span><\/p>\n

Socrate: Ce, am ajuns, cum spune o vorb\u0103, la spartul t\u00e2rgului? Suntem \u00eent\u00e2rzia\u0163i?<\/span><\/p>\n

Falstaff se vait\u0103 senten\u0163ios de calitatea extrem de precar\u0103 a oamenilor pe care, singur, i-a adunat pentru armata regelui. Se t\u00e2nguie\u015fte auto-ironic c\u0103 solda\u0163ii pe care ar fi trebuit de fapt s\u0103-i cumpere cu banii c\u0103p\u0103ta\u0163i de la \u201evod\u0103\u201d (the king<\/em>), el i-a \u00eenlocuit numai cu ni\u015fte \u201epap\u0103-lapte\u201d (toasts-and-butter<\/em>) ce \u201eto\u0163i s-au r\u0103scump\u0103rat de milit\u0103rie\u201d (they have bought out their services<\/em>) \u015fi care \u201en-au fost niciodat\u0103 solda\u0163i\u201d (and such as indeed were never soldiers<\/em>). Tabloul, parc\u0103 rabelaisian \u00een \u00eenf\u0103\u0163i\u015farea nedistorsionat\u0103 a hido\u015feniei umane \u015fi chaucerian \u00een enumerarea fragmentelor sociale din care provin a\u015fa-zi\u015fii solda\u0163i str\u00e2n\u015fi de Sir John, tot Falstaff \u00eel completeaz\u0103 cu o ultim\u0103 tu\u015f\u0103 conclusiv-moral\u0103 \u015fi neap\u0103rat \u00een versuri, care sun\u0103 (sau se cite\u015fte) surprinz\u0103tor de similar cu morala concluzie a craiului din Harap Alb<\/em>:<\/span><\/p>\n

Falstaff: Well,<\/span><\/p>\n

To the latter end of a fray, and the beginning of a feast<\/span><\/p>\n

Fits a dull fighter and a keen guest. <\/span><\/p>\n

(1 Henry IV<\/em>, Act 4, Scene 2, 77-80)<\/span><\/p>\n

Falstaff: P\u0103i da,<\/span><\/p>\n

La terminarea luptei se bucur\u0103 fricosul<\/span><\/p>\n

\u015f<\/span>i c\u00e2nd \u00eencepe masa e vesel m\u00e2nc\u0103ciosul.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e2nd \u015fi fiul mijlociu al craiului se \u00eentoarce la tat\u0103l s\u0103u, dezonorat de neputin\u0163ele lui fizice \u015fi morale, dar mul\u0163umit c\u0103 e \u00eenc\u0103 \u00een via\u0163\u0103, b\u0103tr\u00e2nul rege \u015fi tat\u0103 se lanseaz\u0103 \u00eentr-un discurs \u00eempotriva nimicniciei umane ce culmineaz\u0103, \u00een purul stil paremiologic al lui Creang\u0103, cu acest avertisment moral, \u00een rim\u0103:<\/span><\/p>\n

La pl\u0103cinte, \u00eenainte<\/span><\/p>\n

\u015ei la r\u0103zboiu, \u00eenapoi.<\/span><\/p>\n

(Harap Alb<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\n

La\u015fitatea, acum e foarte clar, nu poate fi ludic\u0103. \u015ei se pare c\u0103 nu-i st\u0103 bine a\u015fa nici \u00een dublul travesti<\/em> paremiologic \u015fi literar al acestor trei texte at\u00e2t de \u00eempr\u0103\u015ftiate \u00een timpul literar, \u00eens\u0103 c\u00e2t de \u00eenghesuite \u00een spa\u0163iul literaturii noastre…<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dar, chiar \u00eenainte s\u0103 m\u0103 \u00eentreb ce poate fi \u015fi, mai ales, ce este la\u015fitatea \u015fi, din interiorul \u00eentreb\u0103rii mele s\u0103 v\u0103 adresez \u015fi vou\u0103 aceea\u015fi \u00eentrebare \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu aceast\u0103 la\u015fitate \u00eent\u00e2i paremiologic\u0103 \u015fi apoi literar\u0103, a\u015f vrea s\u0103 \u015ftiu, dac\u0103 s-ar putea, ce leg\u0103tur\u0103 exist\u0103 \u00eentre Platon, William Shakespeare \u015fi Ion Creang\u0103? Dar […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[295],"tags":[719,196],"class_list":["post-476","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-jurnal-eidotomic","tag-jurnal-eidotomic","tag-patrick-calinescu"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/476","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=476"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blog.egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/476\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=476"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=476"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=476"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}